"Iron–folic acid supplementation protects against maternal pregnancy anemia but not infant anemia. However, maternal anemia was an important variable in infant anemia. Iron–folic acid supplementation programs must be available for women at child-bearing age to avoid chronic IDA. Moreover, an actual anemia monitoring program, especially for women in the early trimester, is important in addressing offspring’s nutritional problems. In addition, an education program aimed at fathers is important in supporting their role in maternal and child health."

"Asymptomatic malaria infection is highly prevalent, along with intestinal parasitic infections, filaria and Schistosoma, they remain major public health challenges among school-aged children in Franceville and Larstourville. This study is the first to document the prevalence of these co-infections and also highlight their correlation with anemia in children in these regions of Gabon. The findings emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance, improved diagnostic techniques, and strengthened prevention efforts to mitigate the silent burden of malaria and co-infections in vulnerable populations."

"In conclusion, in Peru we found that the concurrence of anemia and stunting affected 5.6% of children aged 6 to 59 months. The prevalence of this condition was unevenly distributed, which allowed us to identify a series of factors that increased the risk of CAS. Among the distal factors were lower wealth index quintiles, lower educational level of the mother and father, belonging to an ethnic group, and residing in the jungle and highlands. Intermediate factors included having an unimproved water source and unimproved roofing material; and proximal factors included being a male child, being 12 to 23 months old, and being born with low birth weight. These findings allow us to identify determinants, including several modifiable factors, that could be addressed with specific interventions and in different scenarios, from prenatal control to improving housing conditions."

"One of the six 2025 World Health Assembly Global Targets is to reduce the prevalence of anemia in women, infants and children by 50%. Preventing and managing anemia during pregnancy in Eastern Maharashtra will require strengthening of both clinical and community‐based strategies targeting iron deficiency, as well as other causes of anemia. We observed that strong adherence to IFA supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of anemia in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy in this population; however, the persistently high rates of anemia in the 3rd trimester also indicate that IFA supplementation is insufficient to address the anemia crisis in Eastern Maharashtra."

"Our results showed that the accuracy of Hb POCT measurements was similar and not inferior to Ht measurements for detecting plasma leakage in patients with DHF. We recommend that further evaluations are conducted to determine the optimal cutoff point given the low sensitivity associated with using ≥20% Hb-POCT or Ht increases to determine hemoconcentration."

"Because this study is observational, differences in haemoglobin concentrations in near-in-time surveys may be caused by other factors associated with choice of analytic approach or type of blood collected. The source or sources of differences should be clarified to improve use of surveys to prioritize and evaluate public health programs."

The study concludes that blood draw site and analytical device significantly impact hemoglobin (Hb) measurements. Capillary blood consistently yielded higher Hb levels (0.32–0.47 g/dL) than venous blood, while point-of-care devices (like the HemoCue 301) reported higher values and greater variance than the gold-standard ADVIA-2120. These differences can lead to the underdiagnosis of anemia, as mildly anemic individuals were often misclassified as healthy when using capillary samples or POC devices. The authors urge standardized protocols to ensure data comparability across public health studies.

"The prevalence of postpartum anaemia found in this study is high. Iron and folic acid supplementation, promotion of dietary diversification practices and screening women higher risk for anaemia may be feasible interventions."

"Our analysis found large variability in haemoglobin concentration measured on capillary or venous blood and using HemoCue Hb 201+ or Hb 301 or automated haematology analyser. We cannot ascertain whether the variation is due to differences in the equipment, differences in capillary and venous blood, or factors affecting blood collection techniques."

"La anemia afectó principalmente a las mujeres adultas. Resulta necesario identificar sus causas para focalizar acciones y evitar el ciclo intergeneracional del riesgo de anemia."

"This study effectively translates previous laboratory findings into clinical practice, highlighting the practical utility of PIs to guide the accurate interpretation of bedside ctHb measurements [GEM 4000 and GEM 5000 (Werfen GmbH), ABL90 Flex plus (Radiometer GmbH), HemoCue Hb 201+ (HemoCue), and XN 9000/9100 (Sysmex Deutschland GmbH)]" under acute care conditions."

"Findings suggest that venous blood is needed for accurate and precise Hb determination. Single-drop capillary blood use should be discouraged owing to high measurement variability. Further research should evaluate the viability and reliability of capillary pool blood for this purpose. Accuracy of HemoCue® Hb devices [HemoCue® Hb 201+, 301 und 801] can be improved via standardization against results from venous blood assessed using AA."

Both devices [HemoCue 201+ & Pronto-7] provided clinically useful methods to screen for anemia.

The inter-instrument reliability and agreement [Hemocue 201+ & HemoCue 301] are satisfactory in a blood bank setting.

"The two models [Hemocue Hb 201+ & Hb 301] measured anemia prevalence comparably in this population of women in rural Cambodia."

"HemoCue and Masimo measure lower Hb concentrations than the gold standard. Their accuracy and precision levels are comparable. It is essential to ensure proper use of devices through enhanced training of field workers."

"Measurements with invasive devices [HemoCue 201, HemoCue 301] showed stronger correlation and better agreement with venous values than noninvasive devices [NBM 200, Haemospect]. Sensitivity was low for all measurement devices, particularly the noninvasive ones. In terms of precision invasive measurement would be preferred for donor screening, although a majority of donors preferred the noninvasive measurement."

The HemoCue Hb 301 proves to be a precise and highly specific tool for detecting anemia in pregnant women, showing a near-perfect correlation with the Hb 201+ reference method. Although it tends to provide slightly higher hemoglobin readings—leading to a more conservative sensitivity of 61.9%—its 100% specificity and high negative predictive value make it a reliable and effective diagnostic instrument for clinical use in maternal healthcare.

"Higher Hb results obtained with the Hb-301 may influence the interpretation of anemia prevalence in health surveys. While the Hb-301 performed better in high humidity conditions, the Hb-201+ provided more user flexibility regarding delayed Hb reading."

"The variability of Hb measured by capillary blood using the HemoCue 201+ analyzer is higher than venous blood but the extent to which this impacts the validity of Hb and anemia estimates requires further exploration. Future research is also needed to evaluate the implications of using venous compared with capillary blood in population-based surveys."

"All 3 POCT devices [two Ilex GEM Premier 3500 and one HemoCue Hb-201] underestimated the Lab[Hb] and cannot be used interchangeably with standard laboratory measurements. BG_A and BG_B can be considered to be acceptably interchangeable with each other. Whereas the HemoCue had little bias and good precision, the blood gas analyzers revealed large bias and poor precision. We conclude that the tested HemoCue provides more reliable measurements, especially within the critical 6-10 g/dL range, with reduced potential for transfusion errors. Decisions regarding erythrocyte transfusions should also be considered in the light of clinical findings."

The study confirms that while various hemoglobin (Hb) measurement methods exist, most clinical and field analyzers perform acceptably, staying within the ±7% bias threshold compared to automated reference standards. However, accuracy is highly dependent on preanalytical consistency: capillary blood typically shows higher Hb levels than venous blood, and individual drops are less reliable than pooled samples. To ensure valid anemia assessments, practitioners must carefully account for the blood source, sampling technique, and environmental conditions, choosing the analyzer that best fits the specific constraints of the laboratory or field setting.

"HC201 is better than HCS as per the study. However, accuracy parameters are likely to vary depending on the distribution of underlying Hb distribution. Thus, same machines can demonstrate different accuracy parameters in different settings. There is need for designing studies that could help estimate these parameters each time on a subsample which would go a long way in efficiently using technology be it for guiding clinical decisions or public health actions."

This study concludes that while the Pronto-7 has better repeatability than the HemoCue Hb 201+, both point-of-care devices are relatively imprecise compared to laboratory standards. The Pronto-7 significantly overestimated hemoglobin levels by +1.18 g/dl, whereas the HemoCue showed minimal bias but higher variability. Given the wide 95% prediction limits for both devices, a single reading lacks the accuracy required for definitive clinical decisions without considering bias-adjusted probability limits.

"Venous blood is the ideal type of blood sample to determine Hb concentration using HemoCue and similar point-of-care devices. However, when the collection of venous blood is not possible, PCB samples may be a valid alternative if it is collected by experienced personnel. Hb concentration estimated in samples using DCB should be discontinued for the determination of Hb concentration in both individuals and populations, since the random error associated with the collection of DCB is high even in experienced personnel. Nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind that measuring Hb concentration is insufficient for understanding the anemia prevalence. It is also essential to identify the etiological factors of anemia, for which the collection of sufficient amounts of blood is needed to assess the associated biomarkers. In addition, each point-of-care apparatus must be checked periodically against reference methods as systematic bias may exacerbate the variation associated with the ability of the personnel that uses them."

"The study results showed that the Hemocue Hb201 test+® provided good sensitivity, average specificity and average precision, both for the diagnosis of anaemia and for the determination of haemoglobin levels. It may be used in peripheral centres to facilitate the laboratory diagnosis of anaemia and its management in populations that live in areas with difficult accessibility."

"The HemoCue 201+ is a valid tool for estimating Hb concentration to produce reliable estimates of anemia prevalence when using venous blood."